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³o­ÓÀÉ®×¥u¯à¬° superuser ©ÒŪ¼g , ¤@­Ó superuser ¥i¨Ï ¥Î groupadd , groupdel , groupmod ¨ÓºÞ²z /etc/group ³o­ÓÀÉ , ­n¤â°ÊºÞ²z¤]¬O¥i¥H . ¤U­±¬O³o¤T­Ó«ü¥Oªº¥Îªk : groupadd [ -g gid [ -o ] ] group_name groupdel group_name groupmod [ -g gid [ -o ] ] [ -n new_group_name ] group_name /etc/hosts : ³o­ÓÀÉ®×°O¿ýµÛ IP address ¦Ü hostname ªº mapping . ¦p§Ú­Ì·Q§â ccsun21.csie.nctu.edu.tw ¨ú­Ó§O¦W¥s : oldstock ¨º§Ú­Ì´N¥i¥H¦b³o­ÓÀɮ׸̼g¦p¤Uªº±Ô­z : 140.113.17.151 oldstock ¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó , ¥H«á§Ú­Ì telnet oldstock ´Nµ¥©ó telnet 140.113.17.151 ¦b³o­ÓÀɮפ¤ , ¦Ü¤Ö·|¦³¨â¦C , ¤@¦C¬° loopback , ³o¬O¬°¤F°»¿ù¥Øªº ¦Ó³]ªº , ¥t¤@¦C¬° local host , ´N¬O§A¦Û¤vªº¾÷¾¹ . /etc/hosts.equiv : ¦b¸Ì­±¥i¥H³]©w¤@¨Ç remote machine , ¦Ó±q³o¨Ç remote machine §Q¥Î rsh ©Î rlogin ³s¦^ local machine ªº¸Ü «K¤£¥Î¿é¤J±K½X ¦P¼ËªºªF¦è¤]¥i¥H¦b .rhosts ¨£¨ì . ¤ñ¦p»¡¦b ccsun22.csie .nctu.edu.tw ¤W§Aªº Home Directory «Ø¤@­Ó .rhosts ÀÉ , ¸Ì­±ªº¤º®e¦p¤U: rebel.dorm10.nctu.edu.tw jhhsu ¥H«á¥u­n¦b rebel.dorm10.nctu.edu.tw ¤W§Q¥Î rsh ©Î rlogin ¦Ü cc mail ®É¥Î¶W¹L 8 ­Ó¦r¤¸ªºÀÉ®×. ¦p¥­±` mail jhhsu@dorm10 .nctu.edu.tw ¥iÅܦ¨ mail Jin-Hwa-Sheu@dorm10.nctu.edu. tw. (2)Encrypted Password: ³oÄæ¬O½s½X¹Lªº±K½X , ¦b·s¼W¤@­Ó new user ®É À³¸Ó¦b³oÄæ¶ñ¤W * , §ó§ï password ¥i¥Î passwd ³o­Ó«ü¥O . passwd ³o¬O¤@­Ó setuid ªº«ü¥O , Ãö©ó setuid , setgid , stickybit , ¦U¦ì¥i¥h °Ñ¦Ò Unix Security ¤è­±ªº®ÑÄy . (3)UID: user id , ¨C­Ó"¤H"³£­n¤£¤@¼Ë , ²ßºD¤W , 100 ¥H«e³Q«O¯d°µ¬° ¯S®íªº user id , ¦Ó root Á`¬O 0. (4)GID: group id , ¦b¤ñ¸û¦­´Áªº¨t²Î , ¤@­Ó user ¦P®É¥u¯à¦b¤@­Ó group ¤£¹L²{¦b´N¨S¦³³oºØ­­¨î¤F . (5)GCOS: ³oÄæ°ò¥»¤W¨S¦³¯S®í®æ¦¡­­¨î , ¦b³o¸Ì¥i¥H¼g¤W§Aªº full name ®a¤¤¹q¸Ü, ¦í§}µ¥...... ·R¼g¤°»ò´N¼g¤°»ò. ÁöµM§A¥i¥H¶Ã¼g¤@ ³q, ¦ý­Y§A¥Î¨ì³r¸¹, ¨t²Î·|§â¥¦·í¦¨°Ï¶¡. ¦p§A¼g: Jin-Hwa Sheu, NCTU, 80317, (02)1234123 ³o¨Ç³£·|³Q·í¦¨ Full Name, Office, Home Phone. finger ³o­Ó«ü¥O·|¥hŪ³o¦a¤èªº¸ê°T. ¥Î chfn ¥i§ïÅܳoÄæ. (6)Home Directory: ³oÄæ¨S¤°»ò , ´N¬O°O¿ý user ªº home directory ¦Ó¤w §Q¥Î cd ©Î cd~ ³£¥i¦^¨ì home directory . (7)Login Shell: ³]©w¨Ï¥ÎªÌ©Ò¨Ï¥Îªº shell , ¹w³]­È¬O /bin/bash . ·í µM , §A¤]¥i¥H¦Û¤v§ï¦¨ csh ©Î tcsh , zsh ¤]¬O¤£¿ù , °²¦p¦³ free ª©ªº korn Shell ¤]¥i®³¨Ó¥Î¥Î . ¥Î chsh ¥i§ïÅܧAªº login shell . ¬°¤F security ¤è­±ªº¦Ò¶q , ¦U¦ì¥i¥H¦w¸Ë shadow , ±N passwd ³o­ÓÀÉ §¹¥þªº»P¤@¯ë user ¹jµ´¶}¨Ó , ³sŪ¤]¨S¦³¿ìªkŪ passwd ³o­ÓÀÉ . /etc/profile : profile ³o­ÓÀɬO bash ³o­Ó shell ©Ò¥Îªº , profile ¤§©ó bash ´N¦n¹³ cshrc ¤§©ó csh. ¦P¼Ëªº, /etc ¤Uªº profile ¤]¬O SA ¦bºû Å@ªº, ¥D­n¬O©ñµÛ¥þ°ìªº³]©w ( Global Setting ) ¦Ó¨C­Ó user ¦b ¦Û¤vªº Home Directory ³£¥i¥H¦³¦U¤Hªº .profile /etc/protocols : °²¦p§A¬°¤F¬Y¨Ç¥Ø¦a , ¦Ó¼g¤F¦Û¤vªº protocol , ¨º§A´N¥²¶·§â ¥¦¦C¦b³o­ÓÀɮפ¤ , ³o¼Ë inetd ¤~·|ºÞ²z¤@¨Ç daemons ¥h¥Î¥¦ ³o­ÓÀɮרC¦Cªº®æ¦¡¦p¤U , ·íµM , # ¤§«áªº¬Oª`¸Ñ : Protolcol Name Portocol Number Aliases ip 0 IP # internet protocol, pseudo protocol numbe. icmp 1 ICMP # internet control message protocol igmp 2 IGMP # internet group multicast protocol ggp 3 GGP # gateway-gateway protocol tcp 6 TCP # transmission control protocol pup 12 PUP # PARC universal packet protocol udp 17 UDP # user datagram protocol idp 22 IDP # WhatsThis? raw 255 RAW # RAW IP interface /etc/psdatabase : ³o­ÓÀɮ׬O³Q psupdate ©Ò¥Î¨ì , psupdate ¥D­nªº¥\¯à´N¬O§ó·s /etc/psdatabase ³o­ÓÀÉ , ¥H²Å¦X¥Ø«eªº kernel image system map file . ¤@¯ëªº¹w³]ÀɬO /usr/src/linux/tools/zSystem . /etc/resolv.conf : ³o¸Ì­±°O¸üµÛ§A¾÷¾¹ªº domain name ¤Î name server ªº IP address , name server ¥i¥H¦Û¤v¥[¤J , ¦b¥æ¤j¥i¥H¥Î 140.113.1.1 ©Î 140.113.17.5 , ³o¨â»O³£¬O name server . name server ¥i¤£­nÀH«K´N¥h±¼ , §_«h , ´N·|µo¥Í¦p¤Uªº±¡ªp : @Rebel[/etc]>telnet ccsun3.cc.nctu.edu.tw ccsun3.cc.nctu.edu.tw: Host name lookup failure ¦]¬°¨S¦³¤F name server , ©Ò¥H ccsun3.cc.nctu.edu.tw ¨S¦³¿ìªk³Q¸ÑĶ , ¬G·|¦³ Host name lookup failure ³o¬q°T®§ . /etc/rpc : /etc/securetty : °²¦p§A­n¥H root login ªº¸Ü , ¹ê»Ú¤W¬O¦³­­¨îªº , ³o­ÓÀÉ®×´N ¦C¥X¤F root ¥i¥H login ªº ttys , °²¦p§A§â¨C¤@¦C³£ mark °_¨Ó ¨º´N¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¤@­Ó terminal ¥i¨Ñ root login ¤F , ©Ò¥H©O , ´N·|¥X²{¥H¤Uªº±¡ªp : Rebel login: root root login refused on this terminal. ¦A¤@¦¸ªº , §Ú­Ì¬Ý¨ì¤F unix security ¤è­±ªºªF¦è , ¥J²Óªº¦b³o ­ÓÀɮצC¥X¥i¥Îªº terminal , ¥i¨Ï±q modem ³sªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ©Î¸g¥Ñºô ¸ô¨Óªº¨ä¥¦ªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¤ñ¸û¤£®e©ö¨ú±o superuser ªºÅv¤O . /etc/services : /etc/shell : ³o­ÓÀɮצA²³æ¤]¤£¹L¤F , ¸Ì­±´N°O¿ýµÛ¥i¥H¥Îªº login shell . ÁÙ ¦³¤@ÂI , ¨º´N¬O³o­ÓÀɪº°O¿ý·|¦b¨Ï¥Î chsh ®É°µ¬°°Ñ¦Ò , °ß¦³³Q¦C ¦b³o¸Ìªº shell , ¨Ï¥Î chsh ®É¤~·|¥X²{³o¨Ç shell ¥i¿ï . /etc/sudoers : ¦b¤@­Ó¤£¬O«Ü½ÆÂøªº¨t²Î¤¤ , ¤]³\¤@­Ó System Administrator ´N¥i ¥HºÞ²z©Ò¦³ªº¨Æ±¡ . ¦ý¤@¦ý¨t²Î´£¨ÑªºªA°ÈÅܦh , ¨t²ÎºÞ²zªº¤u§@ ¤]ÀH¤§Åܱo¨I­« , ³o®É­Ô , sudo ´N¬£¤W¥Î³õ¤F , sudo ¥i¥HÅý¤@­Ó ´¶³qªº user Åܦ¨ superuser , ³o¼Ë¤@¨Ó , ¤@­Ó¨t²Îªº¬Y¨Ç¤u§@ , ´N¥i¥H¤À°tµ¹³o¨Ç superusers ¨Ó°µ . ¥H´î»´­t¾á . ·íµM , ¨Ã¤£¬O¨C­Ó user ³£¥i¥HÅܦ¨ superuser . ©Ò¥H /etc/sudoers ´N¬O°O¿ýµÛ¨º¨Ç¤H¥i¥H¥Î superuser ªº¨­¥÷¨Ó°õ¦æ¤@ ¨Ç¤u§@ , ³o­ÓÀɮתº®æ¦¡¦p¤U : host alias section format: Host_Alias HOSTALIAS = host-list Host_Alias ::= a keyword. HOSTALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name. host-list ::= a comma separated list of hosts. command alias section format: Cmnd_Alias CMNDALIAS = cmnd-list Cmnd_Alias ::= a keyword. CMNDALIAS ::= an upper-case alias name. cmnd-list ::= a comma separated list commands. user specification format: user access_group [: access_group] ... access_group ::= host_type = [op]cmnd_type [,[op]cmnd_type] ... host_type ::= a lower-case host name OR a host alias. cmnd_type ::= an command OR a command alias. op ::= the logical '!' NOT operator. ¦p¤U­±¬O¤@­Ó·¥¬°Â²³æªº¨Ò¤l : # Cmnd alias specification Cmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN=/sbin/halt,/sbin/shutdown # User specification root ALL=ALL jhhsu ALL=ALL emotion ALL=ALL,!SHUTDOWN ¦b³o­Ó¨Ò¤l·í¤¤ , jhhsu ¥i¥H°õ¦æ root ©Ò¦³ªº©R¥O , emotion °£¤F halt ¤Î shutdown ¤£¯à°õ¦æ¥H¥~ , ¨ä¥¦ root ¯à°õ¦æªº©R¥O¥L³£¯à°õ¦æ . ³o­ÓÀɮצ³¤@­Ó±MÄݪº editor ¥s visudo ¥i¨Ó½s¿è /etc/sudoer ³o­ÓÀÉ®× ¦b½s¿è§¹³o­ÓÀɮפ§«á , jhhsu ´N¥i¥H¥Î sudo.bin ³o­Ó©R¥OÂà´«¦¨ superuser ¨Ó°µ­ì¨Ó¥u¦³ superuser ¤~¯à°µªº¨Æ . ¦ÓÃö©ó¨Ï¥Î sudo.bin ¦³¤@­Ó°O¿ýÀÉ , ¦b /var/adm/sudo.log , ¸Ì­±°O¿ýµÛ½Ö¦b¤°»ò®É­Ô§Q¥Î sudo ¤U¤F¨º¨Ç«ü¥O . ¶¶«K¤@´£ªº¬O : §Q¥Î¤U­±³o­Ó©R¥O¥i§ì¥X¨º¨Ç¤HÂà´« ¦¨ superuser ¦ý«o¨S¦³¦¨¥\ ...... grep "FAILED SU" /var/adm/messages /etc/utmp : ±q utmp ¤¤¥i¥Hª¾¹D²{¦b¦³½Ö¥¿¦b¥Î¨t²Î . ·í¨Ï¥ÎªÌ logout ¤§«á , init ( «Ü­«­nªº process , ¥H«á¦³®É¶¡±N¬°¦U¦ì¤¶²Ð ) ´N¥h§â logout ªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ±q /etc/utmp ¤¤¥h±¼ . ¹ê»Ú¤W , utmp ¨C­Ó record ¬O¹³³o¼Ëªº¤@­Óµ²ºc : struct utmp { short ut_type; /* type of login */ pid_t ut_pid; /* pid of process */ char ut_line[12]; /* devicename of tty -"/dev/" */ char ut_id[2]; /* init id or abbrev. ttyname */ time_t ut_time; /* logintime */ char ut_user[8]; /* username, not null-term */ char ut_host[16]; /* hostname for remote login */ long ut_addr; /* IP addr of remote host */ }; ¤F¸Ñ³o­ÓÀÉ®× , ¶i¦Ó¥h­×§ï , ¥i¥H°µ¥X³\¦h¦³½ìªº¨Æ ......:P /etc/wtmp : ²¦Ó¨¥¤§ , wtmp ¬O¤@­Ó login data base , ¦³³\¦hªº«ü¥O·|¥Î¨ì³o­Ó ÀÉ , ¹³ last , sessreg , who µ¥ ...... ³o­ÓÀɮ׮榡»P utmp ¤j­P¬Û¦P , ¥u¬O¦h¤F shutdown ¤Î reboot ³o . ­Ó°O¿ý , «ü¥X¨t²Îªº shutdown ©Î reboot , ¤Î¤@­ÓªÅªº user name «ü¥X¦b¬ÛÃö terminal ªº logout . ÁÙ¦³ , ¤£¹³ /etc/utmp , . /etc/wtmp ªº°O¿ý¬OºCºCªºªþ¥[¤W¥hªº , ¤]´N¬O»¡ , ³o­ÓÀÉ®×·|¶VÅÜ ¶V¤j , ÁöµMÅܤjªº³t«×¨Ã¤£·|¤Ó§Ö , ¦ý¤@¦ý¨ì¤F¬YºØµ{«×¤j¤pªº¸Ü System Administrator À³¸Ó­n¦Ò¼{¬å±¼³¡¥÷ . ¤U­±¬O¥Î last ³o­Ó «ü¥O©Ò±o¨ìªº³¡¥÷¤º®e : bbs tty1 Tue Nov 29 19:09 - 19:09 (00:00) root tty1 Tue Nov 29 19:08 - 19:09 (00:00) root tty1 Tue Nov 29 19:07 - 19:07 (00:00) runlevel ~ Tue Nov 29 19:07 reboot ~ Tue Nov 29 19:07 /etc/zprofile : link ¨ì /etc/profile